Interview with the "1800 Bitcoin" Claimant: The Current State of the Bitcoin Ecosystem
Bitcoin, as the most secure consensus cryptocurrency, has seen various technological explorations and capital inflows in different directions within a year, driving a brief prosperity but also exposing the complex vested interests and potential issues behind it. Behind it lies a complex game of interests among rule makers and participants. Last week, the Bitcoin staking protocol Solv Protocol found itself in a public relations storm due to public accusations from the staking whale AZ and the Bitcoin ecosystem's DA project Nubit, making topics like a bailout protocol and double collateralization quickly become the community's focus of attention.
As a result, BlockBeats engaged in a dialogue with AZ, who not only shared her logic of operation since entering the industry but also addressed for the first time the rumors surrounding Solv, including controversial topics such as a bailout protocol and double collateralization. This article provides us with a unique perspective on the operation of whales in the crypto sphere and project ecosystems, as well as some "dirty tricks" in the Bitcoin ecosystem, such as agreement trading between project parties and whales, as well as gray operations in liquidity management. In this game called consensus, whales holding the chips are in a tug-of-war with project parties who set the rules, while ordinary investors are often forced to be bystanders who cannot influence the outcome.
Below is the full interview content, reorganized for easier reading:
BlockBeats: Share your cryptocurrency trading experience.
AZ: Let me first address a very, very magical rumor. I was accused of working at a Singapore clubhouse, helping many tycoons manage Bitcoin, acting as a front for them to generate profits. If I were really managing money for many tycoons, how could they allow me to be so high-profile online? Either they would have helped me solve various relationship issues long ago, or they would have shut me up long ago and not let me prance around online, right?
BlockBeats: When did you enter the industry, and please briefly share your cryptocurrency trading experience?
AZ: I bought my first Bitcoin in 2017, and I really just held onto it and didn't trade much. At most, I used Ethereum to buy some Dogecoin, a trendy meme, but I never exchanged Bitcoin for other coins; I just held onto it.
BlockBeats: Why did you buy Bitcoin in 2017 then?
AZ: The story goes back to 2015 when I caught the first wave of social e-commerce prosperity. At that time, the cost of traffic was very low, almost free, and I made some money from it. However, in 2019, this story came to an end. During that period, I often went to Europe to study craft fabrics, but because of the limited RMB foreign exchange quota, fund flows had always been a headache for me. In 2017, a friend's friend gave me a Bitcoin. I remember his last name was Fan, and we were in Shanghai at the time. After receiving this Bitcoin, I inadvertently discovered how convenient it was to move funds in and out with it. Because of this, I earnestly read the Bitcoin whitepaper, and most of my profits were invested in it, which I have not touched. I am really grateful to Satoshi Nakamoto; he made me buy it.

Image Source: AZ Social Account
BlockBeats: So are you mainly earning passive income with Bitcoin now?
AZ: I also invest in some projects. Overall, I tend to be cautious, but indeed I have participated in many projects.
BlockBeats: Is it in your personal capacity?
AZ: I have a fund, and all investments are made through the fund. There is a team helping me manage it, but it is not very active, and there has been no PR. Besides investing in projects, I also invest as an LP in some funds.
「Guaranteed Yield Protocol Is Very Common」
BlockBeats: As a BTC whale, could you talk about your Bitcoin income and financial management strategy before and after the Bitcoin ecosystem became hot?
AZ: I am very simple-minded; I do not have any financial management techniques. I just keep my Bitcoin in a cold wallet and never place it in strange places to earn returns. I have always been very conservative and inactive, not actively seeking investment opportunities. I will not intentionally seek projects to earn yields through coin distribution as the risks are very high.
Aside from Solv, I am also involved in some quantitative activities. Babylon also involves staking, and I have had discussions with them. Then there are various project protocols that I have participated in.
BlockBeats: How do you view the Bitcoin ecosystem?
AZ: I have always believed in one thing: Bitcoin's liquidity will be completely unleashed. This release is not just about price appreciation but substantial applications. For example, pledging Bitcoin for borrowing under the premise of guaranteeing the principal's safety or participating in various on-chain rewards. This market is very, very large and is an issue that needs to be addressed.
During this process, we will see many projects emerge. I cannot directly tell you which project is good or bad because, as of now, no solution has truly emerged as an industry standard. What I can say is that I am very much looking forward to this happening, but I also believe that the current solutions are not perfect. In the future, there will definitely be more mature and perfect solutions emerging, driving this market further.
BlockBeats: What are the Playstyles in the Bitcoin Ecosystem?
AZ: I believe my playstyle is definitely different from others. Those truly powerful whales are very skillful, signing agreements, locking conditions, and dumping coins right after listing. However, I haven't engaged in those operations; I simply participated without using these so-called rules to increase profits. I guess that's the biggest difference between me and others.
BlockBeats: Is this playstyle a collusion between the project team and whales?
AZ: I do know that some people sign agreements, but I can't just directly send out agreements; they didn't sign with me either. Many clever whales make such deals since the whereabouts of the project team's tokens are completely opaque, and once listed on Binance, there are so many retail holders waiting to buy the dip. However, I can say very clearly that I have never personally engaged in such operations.
If I had indeed signed an agreement and received the money, I wouldn't be messing around here. Precisely because I haven't been involved in these things, believe in the fair distribution by the project team, and upon discovering a severely imbalanced distribution ratio, I started questioning where the remaining tokens of the project team went. That's why I am standing here, hoping to clarify things.
From Good Friend to Advocacy Target: Solv Founder in AZ's Eyes
BlockBeats: How did you come into contact with the Solv Protocol project?
AZ: I've known the founder of Solv for quite a while. When I arrived in Singapore in '22, I already knew him. Initially, a friend organized a dance event here, and after that, we often gathered to have fun.
Last March, we attended a conference in Dubai where Merlin's project team was also present. They were one of the earliest teams deeply involved in the BTC ecosystem and very familiar with the playstyle in this field. Solv used to operate in the GMX space. During that time, we were discussing Solv's transformation, primarily considering whether Solv should enter the BTC ecosystem next. If they decided to transition, we were all willing to support them and facilitate their actions.
I distinctly remember that at the time, Solv's official account posted many messages thanking the Merlin team for their support. Solv's successful transition to the BTC ecosystem and its subsequent listing on Binance today are closely intertwined with the support we provided back then.
As for why I got involved with the Solv project, I actually knew about it before it was Solv BTC. We were the ones discussing and planning this direction together. So, I believe that Solv's current success in the BTCFi field is also due to my contributions.
BlockBeats: Have you signed a whale profit protection agreement?
AZ: The thing is, there was no agreement between him and me. Because initially, we were driving this thing together, and our relationship was more like partners than clients. Therefore, naturally, there was no profit protection agreement. Our verbal agreement was very simple: we do this thing together, share the profits when we make money, and doing the thing well is the most important. But now it seems that it has completely changed, and there is no sharing at all.
However, later on, he did give many large holders a profit protection agreement, so he had to dilute the interests of us early participants. After all, initially, we just verbally promised to work together and share the profits, while those who joined later appeared more as clients. As the project team, in order to attract the money from these clients, he certainly needed to offer more attractive terms, such as profit protection agreements.
BlockBeats: Do other projects also have a similar situation?
AZ: Before Solv, I had never done anything like this, but after Solv, if someone came to me today asking for funding support, I would be much more cautious. It is not only about profit protection agreements, but more importantly, I would conduct a very comprehensive audit of the project team's character, integrity, background.
BlockBeats: Indeed, this is very necessary.
AZ: We often hang out together, including going to Dubai, going to South Korea, we eat together, club together, and even fly back together. I used to trust him very much, thinking we were good friends.
BlockBeats: Since deciding to participate in this project in March last year, what requirements or specific details did the project team have for large holders throughout the process?
AZ: From day one until now, I can clearly say that all requirements and rules were set by the project team, and I followed them entirely. All this information can be easily found in their tweets and official website. As for anyone questioning the cleanliness of my source of funds or saying that I am faking TVL, I can only say that all my actions were based on the rules and requirements of the project team, every transaction is clear, and can withstand thorough scrutiny.
The main request from the project team was actually quite simple: they asked me to lock up my Bitcoin liquidity and provide it to them. At the beginning, they told me it was a three-month project that only required locking the Bitcoin liquidity for three months. At that time, I knew the bull market was about to come, and I had originally planned to put that money into Binance for fixed income. However, they strongly insisted that I lock it up for three months with them. I followed their request and provided the Bitcoin to them. After three months passed, they kept postponing, failing to fulfill their initial promise at all. This repeated delay not only violated the initial trust but also left me very disappointed in their way of operating.
BlockBeats: During the staking period, how often did you communicate with the Solv team, and what were the main topics of your discussions?
AZ: At the beginning of the staking, Ryan Zhou was very enthusiastic towards me. He would contact me to explain the project's situation and keep me informed of the progress. About two to three months into the staking, although we were supposed to list on Binance, it was continuously delayed. During that time, he often invited me to meals and outings, and whenever he hosted dinners for major clients, he would always invite me. He even came to my house to have longevity noodles with me on my birthday and gave me a YSL bag as a birthday gift.

Image Source: AZ's social account
Our relationship was really good before he promised a guaranteed return to other major holders. I even felt he was my best male friend in Singapore and someone I trusted a lot. I would tell him everything, including seeking his opinion on some projects and listening to his thoughts. Then, when Babylon launched, I heard he started signing guaranteed return agreements with others. To fulfill these agreements, he naturally had to dilute my share of benefits.
BlockBeats: Around what time did this turning point occur?
AZ: Around October, I guess. I think he knew he was going to list on Binance or maybe because he made a lot of promises to others, he basically stopped responding to my messages. I don't know if he was trying to cut me off, but there must be some reason why a person who has supported for so long, including someone with such a good relationship, would suddenly ignore me. I felt something was wrong from that time.
BlockBeats: So when did you roughly find out about him signing guaranteed agreements with other major holders?
AZ: It will be launched shortly before the first phase of Babylon.
BlockBeats: What was your expected return before contacting him and other whales?
AZ: I have never considered myself as one of his clients. We always discussed this matter together, and I supported you from the very first day, so my expectation must be that no matter how much money you give me, at the very least, you must provide me with a fair and just explanation.
I was always at the top of the leaderboard in the first four months, and only in the last two months was I pushed out. I feel that being only in the top 0.05% is unacceptable. I will not demand a specific number of points from you. I believe that in any case, you must positively address my concerns. Profit is no longer important now, and I am not keeping a single cent for myself anyway.
BlockBeats: You transferred these 1800 BTC to Solv using mBTC. What was the situation like when participating in Merlin? Some people say you took advantage of multiple returns.
AZ: I did indeed use mBTC for the conversion, and everything was done securely and in compliance. All the money was very clean. If someone claims that I am not clean and can provide evidence that my SOLVBTC is fake, then the real BTC will be in Merlin.
I only received Solv after Merlin distributed the coins. The original plan was to take it to Binance for fixed income after Merlin, with a 5% annual yield for 7 months, which would have been $4.75 million. It was precisely because the Solv founder told me how great their project was and that it could provide returns well above fixed income that I agreed to hold it for an additional seven months. Now they are saying they will give me SOLV tokens equivalent to $500,000, which is not even a fraction of the fixed income. So, there is no scenario of taking advantage of multiple returns. Besides, I believe it's quite normal for a DeFi protocol to have 5 layers of returns. However, it's true that I did not take advantage of multiple returns.
BlockBeats: So, indeed, there is a phenomenon of double-staking, correct?
AZ: There is indeed such a phenomenon in the market. For example, if I have provided my BTC to Solv and it has been counted once, some project teams may add an extra layer of returns to my TVL (total value locked). Everyone is colluding together. For instance, it would be sufficient to provide him with this address, but I have never done such a thing. I can show them the operational records for every transaction I have made. All the BTC transactions are clean and transparent. I have absolutely never engaged in such practices.
BlockBeats: After knowing your profit distribution, have you communicated with other major holders?
AZ: Yes, another major supporter of Solv approached me, asking how the 0.5% was calculated.
BlockBeats: How do you evaluate the Solv project?
AZ: When it comes to a project, the integrity of the founding team is crucial. In the case of this project, it has been in development for 4 years, constantly pivoting directions, and has finally been listed on Binance. However, it is disappointing that they chose not to share the benefits with those who supported them from the beginning.
BlockBeats: Why did you choose to seek justice on Twitter?
AZ: I spent nearly two months contacting everyone I could find around him—his investors, close friends, or anyone even remotely associated with him. I conveyed my message to all of them, hoping he would reach out to me. However, he never responded, not even a single word. In such a situation, I really had no other choice. I had to resort to publicly addressing this online.
BlockBeats: So far, have your social media justice efforts achieved your initial objectives?
AZ: If my initial objective was to have the founder address my concerns, then it seems like I haven't achieved that because he still ignores me, and the entire team ignores me. But if we look at it from the perspective of preventing being scammed by such project teams, then I think I have achieved it because I launched an AI Justice Agent. There are so many blockchain project scams; today it's him, tomorrow it's someone else, everyone is deceiving, so I think having an anti-scam agent is very necessary.
BlockBeats: In light of recent events, has the other party responded to your previous demands or shown any change in attitude?
AZ: We had a call on January 3, and it seemed like we talked a lot, yet it also seemed like we didn't talk about anything. He asked me how he should compensate me now, how much money I wanted. I made it clear to him that I would not ask him for a penny. Because of doubts about his integrity, I specifically recorded the call, so if he continues to badmouth me in public, I can release it at any time.
My exact words at the time were: "I will not actively ask you for a penny. I have made so many contributions to this project, and it is unfair of you to burn bridges at this point. You should be the one proposing a compensation plan, and then it is up to me to decide whether to accept it or not."
Later, one of his investors acted as an intermediary to communicate, suggesting to give me an additional 1 point FDV directly from the team's share. This investor asked me if I thought it was reasonable, and I thought it was. After all, my funds have made up 10% of your TVL for a long time, even reaching a percentage of tens at certain stages. Based on the 9% airdrop proportion, giving me 1/9 of the FDV is a very normal ratio.
However, I also made it clear that I would not actively ask you for this benefit. If you truly wish to give it to me, then we can discuss it further. That was the entirety of our conversation that time. He even promised to call me early the next morning, but up to now, I have not received his call. What's more outrageous is that he has been spreading rumors outside, claiming that I asked him for $20 million.
BlockBeats: How do you view the current community sentiment towards you receiving tokens?
AZ: First, I donated all the earnings from staking 1800 Bitcoins for seven months to the community. Since the first day I spoke out, I have been transparent. I'm not even accepting any earnings now. They just pushed me too far, so I just want to spend money to have netizens scold them. Not like the Solv team, resorting to dirty tricks.
Furthermore, I believe that having an AI agent for rights protection is a very necessary presence, especially in an environment like the cryptocurrency industry where scams are rampant. I think there should be a dedicated track for rights protection to provide support to more deceived individuals. AIXBT only talks about how good the project is; it is AI friendly to project teams. So, I want to create an AI that is friendly to retail investors. Regarding this earnings, I didn't plan on keeping it anyway, so I must find a way to give it to the netizens who helped me speak out, and this seems to be the best way to achieve that.
I also want to make it clear to everyone that I do not encourage anyone to buy this token. Because you can simply earn the airdrop by completing tasks, there is no need to buy it. I will buy it myself, and once you receive the airdrop, you can just sell it immediately, right? There's no need to take on additional risks.
Furthermore, I only hold 1% of the tokens. Initially, I reserved 4%, but 3% of that has already been transferred to ZachXBT, the Twitter account that inspired me to do this. I have publicly @ mentioned him, and you can check the transfer address; all records are crystal clear and transparent.
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China's Central Bank and Eight Other Departments' Latest Regulatory Focus: Key Attention to RWA Tokenized Asset Risk
Foreword: Today, the People's Bank of China's website published the "Notice of the People's Bank of China, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration for Market Regulation, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Preventing and Dealing with Risks Related to Virtual Currency and Others (Yinfa [2026] No. 42)", the latest regulatory requirements from the eight departments including the central bank, which are basically consistent with the regulatory requirements of recent years. The main focus of the regulation is on speculative activities such as virtual currency trading, exchanges, ICOs, overseas platform services, and this time, regulatory oversight of RWA has been added, explicitly prohibiting RWA tokenization, stablecoins (especially those pegged to the RMB). The following is the full text:
To the people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:
Recently, there have been speculative activities related to virtual currency and Real-World Assets (RWA) tokenization, disrupting the economic and financial order and jeopardizing the property security of the people. In order to further prevent and address the risks related to virtual currency and Real-World Assets tokenization, effectively safeguard national security and social stability, in accordance with the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks," "Securities Law of the People's Republic of China," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Securities Investment Funds," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Futures and Derivatives," "Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China," "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Renminbi," "Regulations on Prevention and Disposal of Illegal Fundraising," "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration," "Telecommunications Regulations of the People's Republic of China," and other provisions, after reaching consensus with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and with the approval of the State Council, the relevant matters are notified as follows:
(I) Virtual currency does not possess the legal status equivalent to fiat currency. Virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, Ether, Tether, etc., have the main characteristics of being issued by non-monetary authorities, using encryption technology and distributed ledger or similar technology, existing in digital form, etc. They do not have legal tender status, should not and cannot be circulated and used as currency in the market.
The business activities related to virtual currency are classified as illegal financial activities. The exchange of fiat currency and virtual currency within the territory, exchange of virtual currencies, acting as a central counterparty in buying and selling virtual currencies, providing information intermediary and pricing services for virtual currency transactions, token issuance financing, and trading of virtual currency-related financial products, etc., fall under illegal financial activities, such as suspected illegal issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public issuance of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures business, illegal fundraising, etc., are strictly prohibited across the board and resolutely banned in accordance with the law. Overseas entities and individuals are not allowed to provide virtual currency-related services to domestic entities in any form.
A stablecoin pegged to a fiat currency indirectly fulfills some functions of the fiat currency in circulation. Without the consent of relevant authorities in accordance with the law and regulations, any domestic or foreign entity or individual is not allowed to issue a RMB-pegged stablecoin overseas.
(II)Tokenization of Real-World Assets refers to the use of encryption technology and distributed ledger or similar technologies to transform ownership rights, income rights, etc., of assets into tokens (tokens) or other interests or bond certificates with token (token) characteristics, and carry out issuance and trading activities.
Engaging in the tokenization of real-world assets domestically, as well as providing related intermediary, information technology services, etc., which are suspected of illegal issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public offering of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures business, illegal fundraising, and other illegal financial activities, shall be prohibited; except for relevant business activities carried out with the approval of the competent authorities in accordance with the law and regulations and relying on specific financial infrastructures. Overseas entities and individuals are not allowed to illegally provide services related to the tokenization of real-world assets to domestic entities in any form.
(III) Inter-agency Coordination. The People's Bank of China, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other departments, will improve the work mechanism, strengthen coordination with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, coordinate efforts, and overall guide regions to carry out risk prevention and disposal of virtual currency-related illegal financial activities.
The China Securities Regulatory Commission, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other departments, will improve the work mechanism, strengthen coordination with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, coordinate efforts, and overall guide regions to carry out risk prevention and disposal of illegal financial activities related to the tokenization of real-world assets.
(IV) Strengthening Local Implementation. The people's governments at the provincial level are overall responsible for the prevention and disposal of risks related to virtual currencies and the tokenization of real-world assets in their respective administrative regions. The specific leading department is the local financial regulatory department, with participation from branches and dispatched institutions of the State Council's financial regulatory department, telecommunications regulators, public security, market supervision, and other departments, in coordination with cyberspace departments, courts, and procuratorates, to improve the normalization of the work mechanism, effectively connect with the relevant work mechanisms of central departments, form a cooperative and coordinated working pattern between central and local governments, effectively prevent and properly handle risks related to virtual currencies and the tokenization of real-world assets, and maintain economic and financial order and social stability.
(5) Enhanced Risk Monitoring. The People's Bank of China, China Securities Regulatory Commission, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Cyberspace Administration of China, and other departments continue to improve monitoring techniques and system support, enhance cross-departmental data analysis and sharing, establish sound information sharing and cross-validation mechanisms, promptly grasp the risk situation of activities related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization. Local governments at all levels give full play to the role of local monitoring and early warning mechanisms. Local financial regulatory authorities, together with branches and agencies of the State Council's financial regulatory authorities, as well as departments of cyberspace and public security, ensure effective connection between online monitoring, offline investigation, and fund tracking, efficiently and accurately identify activities related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization, promptly share risk information, improve early warning information dissemination, verification, and rapid response mechanisms.
(6) Strengthened Oversight of Financial Institutions, Intermediaries, and Technology Service Providers. Financial institutions (including non-bank payment institutions) are prohibited from providing account opening, fund transfer, and clearing services for virtual currency-related business activities, issuing and selling financial products related to virtual currency, including virtual currency and related financial products in the scope of collateral, conducting insurance business related to virtual currency, or including virtual currency in the scope of insurance liability. Financial institutions (including non-bank payment institutions) are prohibited from providing custody, clearing, and settlement services for unauthorized real-world asset tokenization-related business and related financial products. Relevant intermediary institutions and information technology service providers are prohibited from providing intermediary, technical, or other services for unauthorized real-world asset tokenization-related businesses and related financial products.
(7) Enhanced Management of Internet Information Content and Access. Internet enterprises are prohibited from providing online business venues, commercial displays, marketing, advertising, or paid traffic diversion services for virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization-related business activities. Upon discovering clues of illegal activities, they should promptly report to relevant departments and provide technical support and assistance for related investigations and inquiries. Based on the clues transferred by the financial regulatory authorities, the cyberspace administration, telecommunications authorities, and public security departments should promptly close and deal with websites, mobile applications (including mini-programs), and public accounts engaged in virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization-related business activities in accordance with the law.
(8) Strengthened Entity Registration and Advertisement Management. Market supervision departments strengthen entity registration and management, and enterprise and individual business registrations must not contain terms such as "virtual currency," "virtual asset," "cryptocurrency," "crypto asset," "stablecoin," "real-world asset tokenization," or "RWA" in their names or business scopes. Market supervision departments, together with financial regulatory authorities, legally enhance the supervision of advertisements related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization, promptly investigating and handling relevant illegal advertisements.
(IX) Continued Rectification of Virtual Currency Mining Activities. The National Development and Reform Commission, together with relevant departments, strictly controls virtual currency mining activities, continuously promotes the rectification of virtual currency mining activities. The people's governments of various provinces take overall responsibility for the rectification of "mining" within their respective administrative regions. In accordance with the requirements of the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments in the "Notice on the Rectification of Virtual Currency Mining Activities" (NDRC Energy-saving Building [2021] No. 1283) and the provisions of the "Guidance Catalog for Industrial Structure Adjustment (2024 Edition)," a comprehensive review, investigation, and closure of existing virtual currency mining projects are conducted, new mining projects are strictly prohibited, and mining machine production enterprises are strictly prohibited from providing mining machine sales and other services within the country.
(X) Severe Crackdown on Related Illegal Financial Activities. Upon discovering clues to illegal financial activities related to virtual currency and the tokenization of real-world assets, local financial regulatory authorities, branches of the State Council's financial regulatory authorities, and other relevant departments promptly investigate, determine, and properly handle the issues in accordance with the law, and seriously hold the relevant entities and individuals legally responsible. Those suspected of crimes are transferred to the judicial authorities for processing according to the law.
(XI) Severe Crackdown on Related Illegal and Criminal Activities. The Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, as well as judicial and procuratorial organs, in accordance with their respective responsibilities, rigorously crack down on illegal and criminal activities related to virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, such as fraud, money laundering, illegal business operations, pyramid schemes, illegal fundraising, and other illegal and criminal activities carried out under the guise of virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, etc.
(XII) Strengthen Industry Self-discipline. Relevant industry associations should enhance membership management and policy advocacy, based on their own responsibilities, advocate and urge member units to resist illegal financial activities related to virtual currency and the tokenization of real-world assets. Member units that violate regulatory policies and industry self-discipline rules are to be disciplined in accordance with relevant self-regulatory management regulations. By leveraging various industry infrastructure, conduct risk monitoring related to virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, and promptly transfer issue clues to relevant departments.
(XIII) Without the approval of relevant departments in accordance with the law and regulations, domestic entities and foreign entities controlled by them may not issue virtual currency overseas.
(XIV) Domestic entities engaging directly or indirectly in overseas external debt-based tokenization of real-world assets, or conducting asset securitization activities abroad based on domestic ownership rights, income rights, etc. (hereinafter referred to as domestic equity), should be strictly regulated in accordance with the principles of "same business, same risk, same rules." The National Development and Reform Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other relevant departments regulate it according to their respective responsibilities. For other forms of overseas real-world asset tokenization activities based on domestic equity by domestic entities, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, together with relevant departments, supervise according to their division of responsibilities. Without the consent and filing of relevant departments, no unit or individual may engage in the above-mentioned business.
(15) Overseas subsidiaries and branches of domestic financial institutions providing Real World Asset Tokenization-related services overseas shall do so legally and prudently. They shall have professional personnel and systems in place to effectively mitigate business risks, strictly implement customer onboarding, suitability management, anti-money laundering requirements, and incorporate them into the domestic financial institutions' compliance and risk management system. Intermediaries and information technology service providers offering Real World Asset Tokenization services abroad based on domestic equity or conducting Real World Asset Tokenization business in the form of overseas debt for domestic entities directly or indirectly venturing abroad must strictly comply with relevant laws and regulations. They should establish and improve relevant compliance and internal control systems in accordance with relevant normative requirements, strengthen business and risk control, and report the business developments to the relevant regulatory authorities for approval or filing.
(16) Strengthen organizational leadership and overall coordination. All departments and regions should attach great importance to the prevention of risks related to virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization, strengthen organizational leadership, clarify work responsibilities, form a long-term effective working mechanism with centralized coordination, local implementation, and shared responsibilities, maintain high pressure, dynamically monitor risks, effectively prevent and mitigate risks in an orderly and efficient manner, legally protect the property security of the people, and make every effort to maintain economic and financial order and social stability.
(17) Widely carry out publicity and education. All departments, regions, and industry associations should make full use of various media and other communication channels to disseminate information through legal and policy interpretation, analysis of typical cases, and education on investment risks, etc. They should promote the illegality and harm of virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization-related businesses and their manifestations, fully alert to potential risks and hidden dangers, and enhance public awareness and identification capabilities for risk prevention.
(18) Engaging in illegal financial activities related to virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization in violation of this notice, as well as providing services for virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization-related businesses, shall be punished in accordance with relevant regulations. If it constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to the law. For domestic entities and individuals who knowingly or should have known that overseas entities illegally provided virtual currency or Real World Asset Tokenization-related services to domestic entities and still assisted them, relevant responsibilities shall be pursued according to the law. If it constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to the law.
(19) If any unit or individual invests in virtual currencies, Real World Asset Tokens, and related financial products against public order and good customs, the relevant civil legal actions shall be invalid, and any resulting losses shall be borne by them. If there are suspicions of disrupting financial order and jeopardizing financial security, the relevant departments shall deal with them according to the law.
This notice shall enter into force upon the date of its issuance. The People's Bank of China and ten other departments' "Notice on Further Preventing and Dealing with the Risks of Virtual Currency Trading Speculation" (Yinfa [2021] No. 237) is hereby repealed.

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Foreword: Today, the People's Bank of China's website published the "Notice of the People's Bank of China, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration for Market Regulation, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Preventing and Dealing with Risks Related to Virtual Currency and Others (Yinfa [2026] No. 42)", the latest regulatory requirements from the eight departments including the central bank, which are basically consistent with the regulatory requirements of recent years. The main focus of the regulation is on speculative activities such as virtual currency trading, exchanges, ICOs, overseas platform services, and this time, regulatory oversight of RWA has been added, explicitly prohibiting RWA tokenization, stablecoins (especially those pegged to the RMB). The following is the full text:
To the people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:
Recently, there have been speculative activities related to virtual currency and Real-World Assets (RWA) tokenization, disrupting the economic and financial order and jeopardizing the property security of the people. In order to further prevent and address the risks related to virtual currency and Real-World Assets tokenization, effectively safeguard national security and social stability, in accordance with the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks," "Securities Law of the People's Republic of China," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Securities Investment Funds," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Futures and Derivatives," "Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China," "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Renminbi," "Regulations on Prevention and Disposal of Illegal Fundraising," "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration," "Telecommunications Regulations of the People's Republic of China," and other provisions, after reaching consensus with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and with the approval of the State Council, the relevant matters are notified as follows:
(I) Virtual currency does not possess the legal status equivalent to fiat currency. Virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, Ether, Tether, etc., have the main characteristics of being issued by non-monetary authorities, using encryption technology and distributed ledger or similar technology, existing in digital form, etc. They do not have legal tender status, should not and cannot be circulated and used as currency in the market.
The business activities related to virtual currency are classified as illegal financial activities. The exchange of fiat currency and virtual currency within the territory, exchange of virtual currencies, acting as a central counterparty in buying and selling virtual currencies, providing information intermediary and pricing services for virtual currency transactions, token issuance financing, and trading of virtual currency-related financial products, etc., fall under illegal financial activities, such as suspected illegal issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public issuance of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures business, illegal fundraising, etc., are strictly prohibited across the board and resolutely banned in accordance with the law. Overseas entities and individuals are not allowed to provide virtual currency-related services to domestic entities in any form.
A stablecoin pegged to a fiat currency indirectly fulfills some functions of the fiat currency in circulation. Without the consent of relevant authorities in accordance with the law and regulations, any domestic or foreign entity or individual is not allowed to issue a RMB-pegged stablecoin overseas.
(II)Tokenization of Real-World Assets refers to the use of encryption technology and distributed ledger or similar technologies to transform ownership rights, income rights, etc., of assets into tokens (tokens) or other interests or bond certificates with token (token) characteristics, and carry out issuance and trading activities.
Engaging in the tokenization of real-world assets domestically, as well as providing related intermediary, information technology services, etc., which are suspected of illegal issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public offering of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures business, illegal fundraising, and other illegal financial activities, shall be prohibited; except for relevant business activities carried out with the approval of the competent authorities in accordance with the law and regulations and relying on specific financial infrastructures. Overseas entities and individuals are not allowed to illegally provide services related to the tokenization of real-world assets to domestic entities in any form.
(III) Inter-agency Coordination. The People's Bank of China, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other departments, will improve the work mechanism, strengthen coordination with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, coordinate efforts, and overall guide regions to carry out risk prevention and disposal of virtual currency-related illegal financial activities.
The China Securities Regulatory Commission, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other departments, will improve the work mechanism, strengthen coordination with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, coordinate efforts, and overall guide regions to carry out risk prevention and disposal of illegal financial activities related to the tokenization of real-world assets.
(IV) Strengthening Local Implementation. The people's governments at the provincial level are overall responsible for the prevention and disposal of risks related to virtual currencies and the tokenization of real-world assets in their respective administrative regions. The specific leading department is the local financial regulatory department, with participation from branches and dispatched institutions of the State Council's financial regulatory department, telecommunications regulators, public security, market supervision, and other departments, in coordination with cyberspace departments, courts, and procuratorates, to improve the normalization of the work mechanism, effectively connect with the relevant work mechanisms of central departments, form a cooperative and coordinated working pattern between central and local governments, effectively prevent and properly handle risks related to virtual currencies and the tokenization of real-world assets, and maintain economic and financial order and social stability.
(5) Enhanced Risk Monitoring. The People's Bank of China, China Securities Regulatory Commission, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Cyberspace Administration of China, and other departments continue to improve monitoring techniques and system support, enhance cross-departmental data analysis and sharing, establish sound information sharing and cross-validation mechanisms, promptly grasp the risk situation of activities related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization. Local governments at all levels give full play to the role of local monitoring and early warning mechanisms. Local financial regulatory authorities, together with branches and agencies of the State Council's financial regulatory authorities, as well as departments of cyberspace and public security, ensure effective connection between online monitoring, offline investigation, and fund tracking, efficiently and accurately identify activities related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization, promptly share risk information, improve early warning information dissemination, verification, and rapid response mechanisms.
(6) Strengthened Oversight of Financial Institutions, Intermediaries, and Technology Service Providers. Financial institutions (including non-bank payment institutions) are prohibited from providing account opening, fund transfer, and clearing services for virtual currency-related business activities, issuing and selling financial products related to virtual currency, including virtual currency and related financial products in the scope of collateral, conducting insurance business related to virtual currency, or including virtual currency in the scope of insurance liability. Financial institutions (including non-bank payment institutions) are prohibited from providing custody, clearing, and settlement services for unauthorized real-world asset tokenization-related business and related financial products. Relevant intermediary institutions and information technology service providers are prohibited from providing intermediary, technical, or other services for unauthorized real-world asset tokenization-related businesses and related financial products.
(7) Enhanced Management of Internet Information Content and Access. Internet enterprises are prohibited from providing online business venues, commercial displays, marketing, advertising, or paid traffic diversion services for virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization-related business activities. Upon discovering clues of illegal activities, they should promptly report to relevant departments and provide technical support and assistance for related investigations and inquiries. Based on the clues transferred by the financial regulatory authorities, the cyberspace administration, telecommunications authorities, and public security departments should promptly close and deal with websites, mobile applications (including mini-programs), and public accounts engaged in virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization-related business activities in accordance with the law.
(8) Strengthened Entity Registration and Advertisement Management. Market supervision departments strengthen entity registration and management, and enterprise and individual business registrations must not contain terms such as "virtual currency," "virtual asset," "cryptocurrency," "crypto asset," "stablecoin," "real-world asset tokenization," or "RWA" in their names or business scopes. Market supervision departments, together with financial regulatory authorities, legally enhance the supervision of advertisements related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization, promptly investigating and handling relevant illegal advertisements.
(IX) Continued Rectification of Virtual Currency Mining Activities. The National Development and Reform Commission, together with relevant departments, strictly controls virtual currency mining activities, continuously promotes the rectification of virtual currency mining activities. The people's governments of various provinces take overall responsibility for the rectification of "mining" within their respective administrative regions. In accordance with the requirements of the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments in the "Notice on the Rectification of Virtual Currency Mining Activities" (NDRC Energy-saving Building [2021] No. 1283) and the provisions of the "Guidance Catalog for Industrial Structure Adjustment (2024 Edition)," a comprehensive review, investigation, and closure of existing virtual currency mining projects are conducted, new mining projects are strictly prohibited, and mining machine production enterprises are strictly prohibited from providing mining machine sales and other services within the country.
(X) Severe Crackdown on Related Illegal Financial Activities. Upon discovering clues to illegal financial activities related to virtual currency and the tokenization of real-world assets, local financial regulatory authorities, branches of the State Council's financial regulatory authorities, and other relevant departments promptly investigate, determine, and properly handle the issues in accordance with the law, and seriously hold the relevant entities and individuals legally responsible. Those suspected of crimes are transferred to the judicial authorities for processing according to the law.
(XI) Severe Crackdown on Related Illegal and Criminal Activities. The Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, as well as judicial and procuratorial organs, in accordance with their respective responsibilities, rigorously crack down on illegal and criminal activities related to virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, such as fraud, money laundering, illegal business operations, pyramid schemes, illegal fundraising, and other illegal and criminal activities carried out under the guise of virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, etc.
(XII) Strengthen Industry Self-discipline. Relevant industry associations should enhance membership management and policy advocacy, based on their own responsibilities, advocate and urge member units to resist illegal financial activities related to virtual currency and the tokenization of real-world assets. Member units that violate regulatory policies and industry self-discipline rules are to be disciplined in accordance with relevant self-regulatory management regulations. By leveraging various industry infrastructure, conduct risk monitoring related to virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, and promptly transfer issue clues to relevant departments.
(XIII) Without the approval of relevant departments in accordance with the law and regulations, domestic entities and foreign entities controlled by them may not issue virtual currency overseas.
(XIV) Domestic entities engaging directly or indirectly in overseas external debt-based tokenization of real-world assets, or conducting asset securitization activities abroad based on domestic ownership rights, income rights, etc. (hereinafter referred to as domestic equity), should be strictly regulated in accordance with the principles of "same business, same risk, same rules." The National Development and Reform Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other relevant departments regulate it according to their respective responsibilities. For other forms of overseas real-world asset tokenization activities based on domestic equity by domestic entities, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, together with relevant departments, supervise according to their division of responsibilities. Without the consent and filing of relevant departments, no unit or individual may engage in the above-mentioned business.
(15) Overseas subsidiaries and branches of domestic financial institutions providing Real World Asset Tokenization-related services overseas shall do so legally and prudently. They shall have professional personnel and systems in place to effectively mitigate business risks, strictly implement customer onboarding, suitability management, anti-money laundering requirements, and incorporate them into the domestic financial institutions' compliance and risk management system. Intermediaries and information technology service providers offering Real World Asset Tokenization services abroad based on domestic equity or conducting Real World Asset Tokenization business in the form of overseas debt for domestic entities directly or indirectly venturing abroad must strictly comply with relevant laws and regulations. They should establish and improve relevant compliance and internal control systems in accordance with relevant normative requirements, strengthen business and risk control, and report the business developments to the relevant regulatory authorities for approval or filing.
(16) Strengthen organizational leadership and overall coordination. All departments and regions should attach great importance to the prevention of risks related to virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization, strengthen organizational leadership, clarify work responsibilities, form a long-term effective working mechanism with centralized coordination, local implementation, and shared responsibilities, maintain high pressure, dynamically monitor risks, effectively prevent and mitigate risks in an orderly and efficient manner, legally protect the property security of the people, and make every effort to maintain economic and financial order and social stability.
(17) Widely carry out publicity and education. All departments, regions, and industry associations should make full use of various media and other communication channels to disseminate information through legal and policy interpretation, analysis of typical cases, and education on investment risks, etc. They should promote the illegality and harm of virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization-related businesses and their manifestations, fully alert to potential risks and hidden dangers, and enhance public awareness and identification capabilities for risk prevention.
(18) Engaging in illegal financial activities related to virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization in violation of this notice, as well as providing services for virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization-related businesses, shall be punished in accordance with relevant regulations. If it constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to the law. For domestic entities and individuals who knowingly or should have known that overseas entities illegally provided virtual currency or Real World Asset Tokenization-related services to domestic entities and still assisted them, relevant responsibilities shall be pursued according to the law. If it constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to the law.
(19) If any unit or individual invests in virtual currencies, Real World Asset Tokens, and related financial products against public order and good customs, the relevant civil legal actions shall be invalid, and any resulting losses shall be borne by them. If there are suspicions of disrupting financial order and jeopardizing financial security, the relevant departments shall deal with them according to the law.
This notice shall enter into force upon the date of its issuance. The People's Bank of China and ten other departments' "Notice on Further Preventing and Dealing with the Risks of Virtual Currency Trading Speculation" (Yinfa [2021] No. 237) is hereby repealed.
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